क्या आप जानते हैं कि हम रोज़ बातचीत में जो बातें कहते हैं, उन्हें किसी को बताते समय सही ढंग से बदलना पड़ता है? इसे Narration कहते हैं।
Narration means telling or reporting what someone has said.
It is of two types:
1- Direct Narration (Direct Speech)
2- Indirect Narration (Indirect Speech)
1. Direct Speech
जब हम किसी व्यक्ति के शब्दों को उसी तरह दोहराते हैं जैसे उसने कहे थे, तो उसे Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष कथन) कहते हैं।
जहाँ हम किसी का वाक्य उसी तरह लिखते या बोलते हैं जैसे उन्होंने कहा।
Ex.: Ram said, “I am going. ” ( राम ने कहा, “मैं जा रहा हूँ।”)
इसमें quotes (" ") का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex.: She said, "I am tired." (उसने कहा, "मैं थकी हुई हूँ।")
2. Indirect Speech
जब हम किसी व्यक्ति की बात को अपने शब्दों में बताते हैं, तो उसे Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन) कहते हैं।
[i] अर्थ वही रहता है, लेकिन शब्द बदले जाते हैं।
[ii] इसमें quotes (" ") हट जाते हैं
Ex.: Ram said that he was going. राम ने कहा कि वह जा रहा था।
Ex.: She said that she was tired. उसने कहा कि वह थकी हुई थी।
He said to me “I am going to pune. ”
1. Reported Verb
वह क्रिया (verb) जो यह बताती है कि किसने कहा और कैसे कहा।
Ex. said, told, asked, replied, exclaimed, ordered, requested, advised, etc
2. Reporting Speech
👉 वह पूरा वाक्य जिसमें Reporting Verb + Speaker + Listener शामिल होते हैं।
📌 यह वाक्य उस व्यक्ति को दर्शाता है जो बोल रहा है और किससे बोल रहा है।
Ex. He said.
Ex. She told me
3. Reported Speech
👉 वह भाग जो उद्धरण चिन्ह (" ") के अंदर होता है – यानि जिस बात को कहा गया है।
यह वह हिस्सा है जो बताया जा रहा है – यानी कथन (जो कोटेशन मार्क्स " " में होता है)।
👉 "I am going to Pune."
[i] इसमें “I” उस व्यक्ति को दर्शा रहा है जिसने कहा (He)
[ii] "am going" = present continuous tense
[iii] यह कोटेशन मार्क्स (" ") के अंदर होता है
[iv] Reported Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलते समय tense, pronoun और time बदलते हैं।
Direct से Indirect बदलने के नियम
Direct से Indirect में बदलने के लिए तीन ज़रूरी नियम हैं:
1- Pronoun Change Table
2- Tense Change
3- Time & Place Change
3️⃣ 🕰️ Time और Place शब्द बदलना
जब हम Direct Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलते हैं, तो समय (Time) और स्थान (Place) से जुड़े शब्द भी बदल जाते हैं ताकि वाक्य का अर्थ सही बना रहे।
✨ Examples
01. now → then
Direct: He said, "I am busy now."
Indirect: He said that he was busy then.
02️. today → that day
Direct: She said, "We have a test today."
Indirect: She said that they had a test that day.
03. tomorrow → the next day / following day
Direct: He said, "I will come tomorrow."
Indirect: He said that he would come the next day.
04️. yesterday → the previous day / the day before
Direct: She said, "I met him yesterday."
Indirect: She said that she had met him the previous day.
05️. tonight → that night
Direct: He said, "I am staying here tonight."
Indirect: He said that he was staying there that night.
06. this week → that week
Direct: She said, "I have meetings this week."
Indirect: She said that she had meetings that week.
07. last week → the previous week / the week before
Direct: He said, "I visited Delhi last week."
Indirect: He said that he had visited Delhi the previous week.
08. next week → the following week
Direct: She said, "I will start classes next week."
Indirect: She said that she would start classes the following week.
09. a year ago → a year before
Direct: He said, "I joined this company a year ago."
Indirect: He said that he had joined that company a year before.
10. here → there
Direct: She said, "I am staying here."
Indirect: She said that she was staying there.
11. this → that
Direct: He said, "This book is mine."
Indirect: He said that that book was his.
12. these → those
Direct: She said, "These shoes are expensive."
Indirect: She said that those shoes were expensive.
13. henceforth → thenceforth
Direct: He said, "I will not lie henceforth."
Indirect: He said that he would not lie thenceforth.
14. ago → before
Direct: She said, "I met him two days ago."
Indirect: She said that she had met him two days before.
15. just → then / a moment before
Direct: He said, "I have just finished my work."
Indirect: He said that he had just finished his work. (or: he had finished his work a moment before.)