क्या आप जानते हैं कि हम रोज़ बातचीत में जो बातें कहते हैं, उन्हें किसी को बताते समय सही ढंग से बदलना पड़ता है? इसे Narration कहते हैं।
Narration means telling or reporting what someone has said.
It is of two types:
1- Direct Narration (Direct Speech)
2- Indirect Narration (Indirect Speech)
1. Direct Speech
जब हम किसी व्यक्ति के शब्दों को उसी तरह दोहराते हैं जैसे उसने कहे थे, तो उसे Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष कथन) कहते हैं।
जहाँ हम किसी का वाक्य उसी तरह लिखते या बोलते हैं जैसे उन्होंने कहा।
Ex.: Ram said, “I am going. ” ( राम ने कहा, “मैं जा रहा हूँ।”)
इसमें quotes (" ") का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex.: She said, "I am tired." (उसने कहा, "मैं थकी हुई हूँ।")
2. Indirect Speech
जब हम किसी व्यक्ति की बात को अपने शब्दों में बताते हैं, तो उसे Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन) कहते हैं।
[i] अर्थ वही रहता है, लेकिन शब्द बदले जाते हैं।
[ii] इसमें quotes (" ") हट जाते हैं
Ex.: Ram said that he was going. राम ने कहा कि वह जा रहा था।
Ex.: She said that she was tired. उसने कहा कि वह थकी हुई थी।
He said to me “I am going to pune. ”
1. Reported Verb
वह क्रिया (verb) जो यह बताती है कि किसने कहा और कैसे कहा।
Ex. said, told, asked, replied, exclaimed, ordered, requested, advised, etc
2. Reporting Speech
👉 वह पूरा वाक्य जिसमें Reporting Verb + Speaker + Listener शामिल होते हैं।
📌 यह वाक्य उस व्यक्ति को दर्शाता है जो बोल रहा है और किससे बोल रहा है।
Ex. He said.
Ex. She told me
3. Reported Speech
👉 वह भाग जो उद्धरण चिन्ह (" ") के अंदर होता है – यानि जिस बात को कहा गया है।
यह वह हिस्सा है जो बताया जा रहा है – यानी कथन (जो कोटेशन मार्क्स " " में होता है)।
👉 "I am going to Pune."
[i] इसमें “I” उस व्यक्ति को दर्शा रहा है जिसने कहा (He)
[ii] "am going" = present continuous tense
[iii] यह कोटेशन मार्क्स (" ") के अंदर होता है
[iv] Reported Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलते समय tense, pronoun और time बदलते हैं।
Direct से Indirect बदलने के नियम
Direct से Indirect में बदलने के लिए तीन ज़रूरी नियम हैं:
1- Pronoun Change Table
2- Tense Change
3- Time & Place Change
1️⃣Pronoun Change Table
“Pronoun चेंज करने के लिए हम सबसे पहले person का ध्यान रखते हुए pronoun को change करते हैं”
When we change a sentence from Direct to Indirect speech, the pronouns also change depending on:
[i] Subject of the reporting verb
[ii] Person speaking (1st, 2nd, 3rd person)
Reported Speech का Pronoun इस तरह बदलेगा
..
Rule A: First Person Pronouns (I, me, my, we, us, our)
👉 जब Direct Speech में कोई First Person Pronoun (जैसे: I, me, my, we, us, our) होता है,
तो उसे Indirect Speech में बदलते समय यह Subject (कथन करने वाले व्यक्ति) के अनुसार बदलता है।
First person pronouns change according to the subject of the reporting verb.
First person हमेशा Speaker (जिसने कहा) के अनुसार बदलता है।
I → he/she
We → they
📌 Example:
1.Direct: Ram said, “I am going.”
Indirect: Ram said that he was going.
Note - Present Continuous → Past Continuous
2.Direct: He said, “I am tired.”
Indirect: He said that he was tired.
3.Direct: Ram said, “I am going to school.”
Indirect: Ram said that he was going to school.
4.Direct: Riya said, “We are best friends.”
Indirect: Riya said that they were best friends.
5.Direct : The teacher said, “I am proud of my students.”
Indirect : The teacher said that he/she was proud of his/her students.
6.Direct: She said, “I lost my pen.”
Indirect: She said that she had lost her pen.
Note - Simple Past → Past Perfect
7.Direct: The girl said, “I washed my clothes.”
Indirect: The girl said that she had washed her clothes.
8.Direct: The boys said, “We enjoyed the movie.”
Indirect: The boys said that they had enjoyed the movie.
9.Direct: I said, “We have completed our homework.”
Indirect: I said that we had completed our homework.
Note - Present Perfect → Past Perfect
10.Direct: Sita said, “I will bring my book tomorrow.”
Indirect: Sita said that she would bring her book the next day.
Note - Will / Shall → Would
11.Direct : The players said, “We will win our match.”
Indirect : The players said that they would win their match.
12.Direct: Riya said, “I am tired.”
Indirect: Riya said that she was tired.
Rule B: Second Person Pronouns (you, your)
👉 जब Direct Speech में Second Person Pronoun (जैसे: you, your) हो,
तो उसे Indirect Speech में बदलते समय यह बदलता है Object (Listener/जिससे बात की जा रही है) के अनुसार।
Second person pronouns change according to the object of the reporting verb.
You हमेशा Listener (जिससे बात की गई) के अनुसार बदलता है।
You → me / us / him / her / them
(ये इस बात पर depend करता है कि reporting verb के बाद कौन object है)
Direct: She said to me, “You are my friend.”
Indirect: She told me that I was her friend.
📌 Example:
1.Direct : Ram said to me, “You are my best friend.”
Indirect : Ram told me that I was his best friend.
2.Direct: The teacher said to Rahul, “You have completed your homework.”
Indirect: The teacher told Rahul that he had completed his homework.
3.Direct: Mother said to her daughter, “You should clean your room.”
Indirect: Mother told her daughter that she should clean her room.
4.Direct: He said to his friends, “You must be careful.”
Indirect: He told his friends that they must be careful.
5.Direct: She said to me, “You can take your book now.”
Indirect: She told me that I could take my book then.
6.Direct: Ram said to me, “You are late.”
Indirect: Ram said to me that I was late.
Rule C: Third Person Pronouns (he, she, they, him, her, them)
Third person pronoun अक्सर नहीं बदलते, क्योंकि वे पहले से ही neutral होते हैं।
✔ Example
Direct: He said, “She is coming.”
Indirect: He said that she was coming.
(“she” वही रहता है)
👉 Third person pronouns usually do not change.
📌 Example:
1. Direct: He said, “He is late.”
Indirect: He said that he was late.
2. Direct: She said, “She has finished her work.”
Indirect: She said that she had finished her work.
3. Direct: They said, “They are going to the market.”
Indirect: They said that they were going to the market.
4. Direct: Ramesh said, “He likes to play football.”
Indirect: Ramesh said that he liked to play football.
5. Direct: Sita said, “She is learning French.”
Indirect: Sita said that she was learning French.
6. Direct: Rahul said, “They will come tomorrow.”
Indirect: Rahul said that they would come the next day.
7. Direct: She said, “He helped me.”
Indirect: She said that he had helped her.
8. Direct: He said, “She is my sister.”
Indirect: He said that she was his sister.
9. Direct: They said, “He was playing cricket.”
Indirect: They said that he had been playing cricket.
10. Direct: She said, “They have finished the project.”
Indirect: She said that they had finished the project.
11. Direct: Ram said, “I gave the book to her.”
Indirect: Ram said that he had given the book to her.
12. Direct: Rina said, “He will come with them.”
Indirect: Rina said that he would come with them.
13. Direct: He said, “She dances well.”
Indirect: He said that she danced well.
14. Direct: The teacher said, “They are good students.”
Indirect: The teacher said that they were good students.
15. Direct: She said, “I saw him at the park.”
Indirect: She said that she had seen him at the park.
16.Direct: He said, “She is cooking.”
Indirect: He said that she was cooking.
✏️ Change Pronoune
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